Essay for Consequentialist and Deontology-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theEssayfor Objectivist, Consequentialist and Deontology. Answer: Professional Code of ethics in ICT for IT professionals helps to fill the gaps in the rules and regulations and help them to conduct business in an ethical manner (Brady 2014). These codes act as guiding principles for the IT professionals. These ethics are widened and that are more than human beings, their intentions, actions and characters. It includes rights, virtue, relativist, objectivist, consequentialist and Deontology. These professional codes of ethics explain the ethical considerations that are required for IT professionals to work ethically. They are important for the ICT industry and therefore, the following essay deals with the explanation of the theories and their relation to the professional code of ethics and practice in ICT industry. Rights in the ethical theory states that the rights established by the society must be protected on highest priority. These rights are considered to be ethically valid and correct as they are being endorsed by a large section of population. A major complication of this theory on larger scale is the members of the society who are designing this ethical theory of rights must try to decipher the characteristics of rights in the society. The characteristics of the rights can only be framed based on the society goals and their ethical priorities (Ruggie 2013) The ethical theory of Virtue judge a person on the basis of his or her character and not by the action that may at times deviate from the his or her normal behaviour. Thus the ethical theory of virtue or the Virtue theory is a particular approach of ethics that gives immense importance on an individuals character. It considers the individuals character as one of the key element in thinking rather than rules about the acts of themselves (Deontology) or their consequences (Consequentialism). There are three main domains of the Virtue Ethics Eudaimonism: It is the classical formulation of Virtue Ethics. Eudaimonism deals with happiness, well-being and good life and the virtue of good life is practice of goodness and well being for achieving practical wisdom and this will resolve the associated dilemmas and other conflicts. Ethics of Care: It emphasises the importance of solidarity, community and relationships rather than focusing of the universal standards and impartiality. Agent Based Theories: It is based on the virtue of the common sense intuitions (Russell 2013). As per the ethics of rights, one person may allow his or her friend to borrow the laptop for a certain span of time and the friends who has imparted the ability of borrowing the laptop has the right over the laptop up to the afternoon only. On the other hand, the ethics of virtue preach that if a person has written a plagiarised algorithm and were later detect by a peer, the peer who knows the person inside out will judge this act of copy right issue accordingly. If the plagiariser normally abide by the copyright rule and has a good reputation among friends then the peer will be able to judge the plagiariser more leniently. Perhaps the software developer found guilty in this case has to work late at night and has mistakenly overlooked to credit the source appropriately (Donnelly 2013). In Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Industry the ethics of rights states that the one must observe a highest degree of transparency and professionalism while dealing with the client. The company gas given the authority to client to avail the service of the company and now the said employees of the ICT industry is bound to abide by the right of privilege given by the company to the client. The employees must respect the individual differences and diversity while maintaining the confidentiality of the client. In the domain of ethics of virtue, the ICT Company consider a persons previous performance before judging him or her the basis the action committed for a particular day (Durkheim 2013). The connection between the code and the theories states that the if a person is given some right or the privilege to enjoy something then he or she has the full right to enjoy the same but that too within the stipulated deadline only. On the other hand the ethics of virtue states that if the a person shall never be judged on the basis of a particular act of negligence committed for the first time. The judging is based on consideration of his or her future performance. Relativism is a particular view that states that the moral principles are being driven by the culture (conventionalism) or by the mindset of the individual (subjectivism). Since different culture nurture different principles, one particular culture has no right to judge the morals of the other culture. Thus relativism states that the moral principals are valid but vary from culture to culture (Quintelier and Fessler 2012). Objectivism states that moral principles are valid for all individuals and cultures however; there are different levels of objectivism (Bjrnsson 2012). Ethical relativism rejects the idea of universal morality. The moral principles according to the concept of relativism are contextual, depending on the individual or the society. If the concept of subjectivism holds true, then the law and the court will have nothing to do as because the only standards by which a person can be judged is by his own. However, there lies a criticism above this argument for example slaveholders were dominant in the cultures and as per their culture holding slaves was right. On the other hand, as per the objectivism, the views that are universal are valid for all the people for all times (Workman 2012). The personal code of ethics as per the ICT industry on the light of relativism states that what is right or wrong depends on the mindset of that particular individual. This claims that the opinions, which are being generated by different persons, vary substantially depending on the subjectivism and conventionalism. On the other hand, the ethics of objectivism states that moral facts are not personal, rather physical and does not depends on what a particular person thinks about it. The objectivism theory is further subdivided into to domain Duty Based Theories (or Deontological Theories): What is morally right or wrong depends on the kind of act Consequentialist Theories (or Teleological Theories: What is morally right of wrong depends on the surrounding environment and the consequences (Durkheim 2013). The connection between the codes and the theories lies in the fact that the if a person is doing something wrong, he or she will be judged on the basis of the surrounding consequences that have compelled him or her to perform such acts. (Teleological/Objectivism) will be judged based on his or her mindset where his or her, upbringing, culture and the point of thought will be taken in consideration (relativism). The consequentialist vs deontology is dominant theories in the contemporary normative ethics. These are dominant theories that are relevant to the ICT industry and act as guiding principle for the IT professionals. Deontology as explained by Immanuel Kant states that rightness is determined by rightness of the act rather than its outcomes (Stahl et al. 2014). On the other hand, consequentialism explains that one might sacrifice innocent for the greater good. For example, while solving an ethical question, consequentialism states that one might have to sacrifice the innocent for the good whereas, deontology forbid one to act on the grounds that it violates the rights of the innocent person and violates his or her moral constraint. Consequentialism gives more importance to the results rather than action. Moreover, it focuses on the fact that best outcomes mean best action (Burmeister et al. 2014). On a contrary, deontology and virtue ethics completely rejects consequentialism and focus es on actions rather than outcomes. If actions were justified, hence the best outcomes would be achieved. This is the major difference between deontology, virtue vs consequentialism in code of ethics. For example, deontology solves an ethical question on the basis that whether he has broken the moral values and consequentialism would condemn the convict based on his actions that has caused real harm. A major criticism on consequentialism explains that it is not bothered by intentions or motivations, as an action done with the best intention is considered morally wrong if the results are sour. Conversely, a deontologist favors the sinister intentional acts if it is morally right and brings positive outcomes. Consequentialism is criticized in a way where it is judged on actions that are already being performed and results are out rather than explaining that right action is that one ought to do (Himma and Bottis 2014). Conversely, deontological accounts for the moral values like virtue ethics on the persons character, however, in ICT, Hon Michael Kirby points out those ICT professionals who work outside these external regulations helps to maximize the benefit to the society (Weckert and Lucas 2013). While solving problems, deontology ethics is concerned with good outcomes that pose ethical problems. It is concerned with the persons outcomes against the imperative or some duty. In IC T, it is the principle guiding rule or the IT professionals. According to Kant, it is the fundamental ethical rule to respect ones dignity being a categorical imperative. Concisely, the ethical model of deontology states that in ICT, it is important for IT professionals to follow moral absolutes bounded to rules where moral decisions should be taken based on rights of others and ones duty. In this era of ICT, inventions have both negative and positive impacts on the society. Therefore, professional code of ethics is designed to explain the actions of IT professionals in the ICT industry. The ethics of right and ethics of virtue provides benefit to the person for whom the right has been designed and judge the person based on future performance. The ethics of objectivism propose to judge a person based on the surrounding consequence and relativism judge the person from point of upbringing, culture and mindset. The ethics of virtue measures action on a set of virtues to explain that are these actions being intended by virtues or not. On a contrary, the right ethics explains that it is the innate ability of a human being to judge actions based on right and wrong that cannot be same for all human beings. The virtue ethics aligns with deontology and rejects consequentialism strongly. Relativism ethics explains that moral principles are considered valid, however vary in diffe rent culture, therefore, the question is how a person can be judged as argued by Ruth Benedict, the conventionalist (Floridi 2013). On the other hand, objectivism holds the viewpoint that although moral principles vary in different cultures, certain moral values are valid for all cultures and individuals. References Bjrnsson, G., 2012. Do objectivistfeatures of moral discourse and thinking support moral objectivism?.The Journal of ethics,16(4), pp.367-393. Brady, D., 2014. Ethics: IT Professional Pillar or Pillory!.Mondo Digitale, p.2. Burmeister, O., Al-Saggaf, Y., Schwartz, M. and Johnson, L., 2014. Internet resources to help Australian ICT professionals identify and solve ethical challenges. ACIS. Donnelly, J., 2013.Universal human rights in theory and practice. Cornell University Press. Durkheim, E., 2013.Professional ethics and civic morals. Routledge. Floridi, L., 2013.The ethics of information. Oxford University Press. Himma, K. and Bottis, M., 2014. The Digital Divide: Information Technologies and the Obligation to Alleviate Poverty. InEthics and Emerging Technologies(pp. 333-346). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Quintelier, K.J. and Fessler, D.M., 2012. Varying versions of moral relativism: the philosophy and psychology of normative relativism.Biology Philosophy,27(1), pp.95-113. Ruggie, J.G., 2013.Just Business: Multinational Corporations and Human Rights (Norton Global Ethics Series). WW Norton Company. Russell, D.C. ed., 2013.The Cambridge companion to virtue ethics. Cambridge University Press. Stahl, B.C., Eden, G., Jirotka, M. and Coeckelbergh, M., 2014. From computer ethics to responsible research and innovation in ICT: The transition of reference discourses informing ethics-related research in information systems.Information Management,51(6), pp.810-818. Weckert, J. and Lucas, R., 2013.Professionalism in the information and communication technology industry. ANU Press. Workman, M., 2012. Rash impulsivity, vengefulness, virtual-self and amplification of ethical relativism on cyber-smearing against corporations.Computers in Human Behavior,28(1), pp.217-225.